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1 newly
newly [ˈnju:lɪ]* * *['njuːlɪ], US ['nuː-] -
2 nouveau
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjectivea. newb. ( = autre, supplémentaire) another2. masculine nouna. ( = homme) new man ; ( = élève) new boyb. ( = nouveauté) y a-t-il du nouveau à ce sujet ? is there anything new on this?3. feminine nouna. ( = femme) new woman ; ( = élève) new girl• ce n'est pas une nouvelle ! that's nothing new!• vous connaissez la nouvelle ? have you heard the news?• première nouvelle ! that's the first I've heard about it!c. ( = court récit) short story4. plural feminine noun• quelles nouvelles ? what's new?• aux dernières nouvelles, il était à Paris the last I (or we etc) heard he was in Paris• avez-vous de ses nouvelles ? have you heard from him? ; (par un tiers) have you had any news of him?• il aura de mes nouvelles ! (inf) I'll give him a piece of my mind!5. compounds* * *
1.
1) (qui remplace, succède) [modèle, locataire] new; ( qui s'ajoute) [attentat, tentative] freshse faire faire un nouveau costume — ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another suit made
faire une nouvelle tentative — to make another ou a fresh attempt
2) ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new3) ( original) [ligne, méthode] new, original4) ( novice)
2.
nom masculin, féminin ( à l'école) new student; ( dans une entreprise) new employee; ( à l'armée) new recruitje ne sais pas, je suis nouveau — I don't know, I'm new here
3.
nom masculin1) ( rebondissement)2) ( nouveauté)
4.
à nouveau, de nouveau locution adverbiale (once) againPhrasal Verbs:••* * *nuvo, nuvɛl (nouvelle) nouvel (devant un nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) nouveaux mpl1. adj1) (remplacé) newIl me faut un nouveau pantalon. — I need some new trousers.
Elle a une nouvelle voiture. — She's got a new car.
2) (en plus) anotherIl y eu un nouvel accident au carrefour. — There's been another accident at the crossroads.
3) (élève) newIl y a un nouvel élève dans ma classe. — There's a new boy in my class.
4) (récent) newC'est nouveau, essayez-le. — It's new, try it.
5) (= original) (idée, solution) novel2. nm/f1) (élève) new pupil2) (étudiant) new student3) (employé) new employeeIl y a plusieurs nouveaux dans la classe. — There are several new children in the class.
3. nmIl y a du nouveau. — There's something new., There's a new development.
Il pleut de nouveau. — It's raining again.
4. nf1) (= information) piece of news, news sgC'est une nouvelle intéressante. — That's interesting news.
être sans nouvelles de qn; Je suis sans nouvelles de lui. — I haven't heard from him.
2) LITTÉRATURE short story5. nouvelles nfplPRESSE, TV news* * *A adj1 (qui remplace, succède, s'ajoute) new; le nouveau modèle/système/locataire the new model/system/tenant; où se trouve la nouvelle entrée? where's the new entrance?; c'est le nouveau Nijinsky he's the new ou a second Nijinsky; se faire faire un nouveau costume ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another ou a new suit made; il a subi une nouvelle opération he's had another ou a new operation; il y a eu un nouvel incident there's been another ou a new ou a fresh incident; faire une nouvelle tentative to make another ou a new ou a fresh attempt; ces nouveaux attentats these new ou fresh atta!cks; procéder à de nouvelles arrestations to make further arrests; nous avons de nouvelles preuves de leur culpabilité we have further evidence of their guilt; une nouvelle fois once again;2 ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new; tiens, tu fumes! c'est nouveau? you're smoking! is this a new habit?; c'est nouveau ce manteau? is this a new coat?; ce genre de travail est nouveau pour moi this sort of work is new to me, I'm new to this sort of work; tout nouveau brand-new; les nouveaux élus the newly-elected members; les nouveaux mariés the newlyweds; la nouvelle venue the newcomer; les nouveaux venus the newcomers; ⇒ pauvre C;3 ( original) [ligne, conception, méthode] new, original; voir qch sous un jour nouveau to see sth in a new light; c'est une façon très nouvelle d'aborder le problème it's a very novel approach to the problem; ce n'est pas nouveau this is nothing new; il n'y a rien de nouveau there's nothing new;4 ( novice) être nouveau dans le métier/en affaires to be new to the job/in business.B nm,f1 ( à l'école) new student; tu as vu la nouvelle? have you seen the new student?;2 ( dans une entreprise) new employee; il y a trois nouveaux dans le bureau there are three new people in the office; je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau I don't know, I'm new here;3 ( à l'armée) new recruit.C nm1 ( rebondissement) il y a du nouveau ( dans un processus) there's been a new development; ( dans une situation) there' s been a change; téléphone-moi s'il y a du nouveau give me a ring GB ou call if there is anything new (to report); j'ai du nouveau pour toi I've got some news for you;2 ( nouveauté) il nous faut du nouveau we want something new.D nouvelle nf1 ( annonce d'un événement) news ¢; une nouvelle gén a piece of news; Presse, TV, Radio a news item; une bonne/mauvaise nouvelle some good/bad news; j'ai une grande nouvelle (à t'annoncer) I've got some exciting news (for you); j'ai appris deux bonnes nouvelles I've heard two pieces of good news; tu connais la nouvelle? have you heard the news?; première nouvelle○! that's news to me!, that's the first I've heard of it!; la nouvelle de qch the news of [décès, arrestation, mariage]; la nouvel!le de sa mort nous a beaucoup peinés we were very sa!d to hear about his/her death; ⇒ faux;2 Littérat short story; un recueil de nouvelles a collection of short stories.F nouvelles nfpl1 ( renseignements) news (sg); recevoir des nouvelles de qn ( par la personne elle-même) to hear from sb; ( par un intermédiaire) to hear news of sb; il y a un mois que je suis sans nouvelles de lui I haven't heard from him for a month; on est sans nouvelles des prisonniers we've had no news of the prisoners; je prendrai de tes nouvelles I'll hear how you're getting on; donne-moi de tes nouvelles let me know how you're getting on; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked after you; faire prendre des nouvelles d'un malade to send for news of a patient; je viens aux nouvelles○ ( de ce qui s'est passé) I've come to see what's happened; ( de ce qui se passe) I've come to see what's happening; aux dernières nouvelles, il se porte bien○ the last I heard he was doing fine; il aura de mes nouvelles○! he'll be hearing from me!; goûte ce petit vin, tu m'en diras des nouvelles○ have a taste of this wine, it's really good!;2 Presse, Radio, TV les nouvelles the news (sg); les nouvelles sont mauvaises the news is bad; les nouvelles du front news from the front.nouveau franc new franc; nouveau philosophe Philos member of a French school of philosophy developed in the 70's; nouveau riche nouveau riche; nouveau roman nouveau roman; Nouveau Monde New World; Nouveau Réalisme New Realism; Nouveau Testament New Testament; Nouveaux pays industrialisés, NPI newly industrialized countries, NIC; Nouvel An New Year; fêter le Nouvel An to celebrate the New Year; pour le Nouvel An for the New Year; le Nouvel An chinois/juif the Chinese/Jewish New Year; nouvelle année = Nouvel An; nouvelle cuisine Culin nouvelle cuisine; Nouvelle Vague Cin New Wave.tout nouveau tout beau the novelty will soon wear off; pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles! Prov no news is good news![nuvo] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet nouvel [nuvɛl]) ( féminin nouvelle [nuvɛl], pluriel masculin nouveaux [nuvo], pluriel féminin nouvelles [nuvɛl]) adjectifc'est tout nouveau, ça vient de sortira. it's new, it's just come outnouveaux mariés newlyweds, newly married couplenouveaux élus [députés] new ou newly-elected deputiesnouvel an, nouvelle année New Yearle bail est reconduit pour une nouvelle période de trois ans the lease is renewed for a further three years ou another three-year periodun esprit/un son nouveau est né a new spirit/sound is bornune conception nouvelle a novel ou fresh approachporter un regard nouveau sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to take a fresh look at somebody/something5. [inhabituel] newce dossier est nouveau pour moi this case is new to me, I'm new to this case6. [novateur]les Nouveaux philosophesgroup of left-wing, post-Marxist thinkers including André Glucksmann and Bernard-Henri Lévy who came to prominence in the late 1970snouveau roman nouveau roman (term applied to the work, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, of a number of novelists who rejected the assumptions of the traditional novel)nouveau nom masculinrien de nouveau depuis la dernière fois nothing new ou special since last time————————à nouveau locution adverbiale————————de nouveau locution adverbiale————————nouvelle vague nom féminin————————nouvelle vague locution adjectivale invariablenew-generation (modificateur)————————Nouvelle Vague nom fémininThis expression refers to a group of French filmmakers, including François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, who broke away from conventional style and methods in the late 1950s and produced some of the most influential films of the period using simple techniques and everyday settings. -
3 nuovo
1. adj newdi nuovo againessere nuovo in una città be new to a townnuovo fiammante brand new2. m: che c'è di nuovo? what's new?* * *nuovo agg.1 new: una casa, una strada nuova, a new house, street; un vestito nuovo, a new dress; un nuovo tipo di automobile, a new kind of car; una nuova tendenza, a new tendency (o trend); è una casa di nuova costruzione, it's a newly-built house // anno nuovo, new year; anno nuovo vita nuova, (prov.) new year, new fife // luna nuova, new moon // vino nuovo, new wine // patate nuove, new potatoes // la nuova generazione, the rising generation // i nuovi venuti, the newcomers // i nuovi ricchi, the nouveaux riches (o the new rich) // il Nuovo Mondo, the New World // il Nuovo Testamento, the New Testament // nuovo fiammante, di zecca, brand-new // come nuovo, like new; l'ho lavato ed è tornato come nuovo, I washed it and it's like new again // (econ.) nuovo mercato, new market // (Borsa): nuova emissione, new issue; azioni di nuova emissione, newly-issued shares // questa moneta è di nuovo conio, this coin is freshly minted // essere nuovo a un mestiere, a un'attività, to be new to a trade, a business // essere nuovo di un luogo, una città, un lavoro, to be new to a place, a town, a job2 ( mai visto, originale) new, unknown: un viso nuovo per me, a face new to me; un nuovo sentimento, a new feeling; questo mi giunge nuovo, questa sì che è nuova, it's new to me; questo nome non mi è nuovo, this name is not new to me3 ( diverso) new, different: inizierò una nuova vita, I'll begin a new life; ogni giorno indossa un abito nuovo, she wears a new dress every day; dopo quell'esperienza terribile, è ora un uomo nuovo, after the terrible experience, he is now a new (o changed) man4 ( ulteriore) new, fresh, further: fare un nuovo tentativo, to make another (o a fresh) attempt; cercherò di ottenere nuove informazioni, I'll try to get further information; seguì una nuova pausa, another pause followed; questo è un nuovo esempio della sua generosità, this is a fresh example of his generosity; una nuova proroga, a readjournment; fino a nuovo ordine, till further instructions; in attesa di Vs. nuovi ordini, awaiting your further orders // passare a nuove nozze, to remarry5 ( di persona, cosa che assomiglia a una precedente) second: abbiamo un nuovo Manzoni, we have a second Manzoni6 ( persona che prende l'incarico di un'altra) new: è il nuovo professore di inglese, he's the new English teacher; i nuovi deputati, the newly-elected Members of Parliament◆ s.m. new: c'è qualcosa di nuovo?, is there anything new?; che c'è di nuovo?, what's new?; non c'è niente di nuovo, there's nothing new // essere amante del nuovo, to love change // di nuovo, again, once again; l'ho visto di nuovo, I saw him again; siamo di nuovo andati nello stesso hotel, we've been back to the same hotel; non dirmi di nuovo che non verrai, don't tell me again you're not coming // di nuovo!, ( arrivederci) goodbye! // rimettere a nuovo, to renovate (o to restore) // vestire di nuovo, to put on new clothes // non c'è nulla di nuovo sotto il sole, there is nothing new under the sun.* * *['nwɔvo] nuovo (-a)1. aggnuovo fiammante; nuovo di zecca — brand-new
il nuovo presidente — the new o newly-elected president
sono nuova di qui/di Glasgow — I am new here/to Glasgow
2) (altro, secondo) new, fresh, (diverso) new, differenthai letto il suo nuovo libro? — have you read his new o latest book?
c'è stata una nuova serie di scosse — there has been a new o further series of tremors
anno nuovo, vita nuova! — it's time to turn over a new leaf!
3)2. smche c'è di nuovo? — what's the news?, what's new?
non c'è niente di nuovo — there's no news o nothing new
rimettere a nuovo — (cosa, macchina) to do up like new
* * *['nwɔvo] 1.1) (opposto a usato) newcome nuovo — as good as new (anche fig.)
2) (che sostituisce, succede, si aggiunge) new, furtheril nuovo modello — the new o latest model
un nuovo tentativo — another o a fresh attempt
aprire -e strade — to break fresh o new grounds
fino a nuovo ordine — till further notice o orders
3) (di recente apparizione) [parola, virus] new; (della stagione) [patate, vino] newnuovo arrivato, assunto — new arrival, recruit
4) (originale) [concezione, metodo] new, novelquesto nome non mi è nuovo — that name rings a bell, that name sounds familiar
5) (novizio)2.sostantivo maschile1) new2) di nuovo again3) a nuovorimettere a nuovo — to refurbish, to renovate [ edificio]
••* * *nuovo/'nwɔvo/2 (che sostituisce, succede, si aggiunge) new, further; il nuovo modello the new o latest model; è la -a Callas she is the next Callas; c'è stato un nuovo incidente there's been another accident; un nuovo tentativo another o a fresh attempt; aprire -e strade to break fresh o new grounds; fino a nuovo ordine till further notice o orders; anno nuovo New Year3 (di recente apparizione) [ parola, virus] new; (della stagione) [ patate, vino] new; nuovo arrivato, assunto new arrival, recruit; i -i venuti the newcomers4 (originale) [ concezione, metodo] new, novel; questo nome non mi è nuovo that name rings a bell, that name sounds familiar; il libro non dice nulla di nuovo the book provides no new insight5 (novizio) sono nuovo del mestiere I'm new to the job1 new; niente di nuovo nothing new; che cosa c'è di nuovo? what's new?2 di nuovo again; è di nuovo in ospedale he's back in (the) hospital; fare di nuovo lo stesso errore to make the same mistake again o twice; è di nuovo in ritardo he's late again -
4 élu
élu, e [ely]1. adjective2. masculine noun, feminine nouna. ( = député) ≈ member of parliament ; ( = conseiller) councillorb. ( = fiancé) l'élu de son cœur her beloved• quelle est l'heureuse élue ? who's the lucky girl?* * *élue ely nom masculin, féminin1) Politique elected representative2) ( personne aimée) beloved3) ( choisi par Dieu)les élus — the elect (+ v pl)
* * *ely élu, -e1. ppSee:2. nm/fPOLITIQUE elected representative* * *1 Pol elected representative; élu local/régional/national local/regional/national representative; un élu de droite a right-wing representative; l'élu de Grenoble/de la Drôme the representative for Grenoble/the Drôme; les élus du second tour the winners of the second round;→ link=élire élire————————————————, élue [ely] nom masculin, nom féminin1. POLITIQUE [député] elected representative2. (humoristique) [bien-aimé]l'élu de mon/ton cœur my/your beloved3. RELIGIONles élus the chosen ones, the elect -
5 neoeletto
neoeletto agg. newly elected◆ s.m. newly elected person: i neoeletti in parlamento, the newly elected members of parliament. -
6 compromise
N1. समझौताThe newly elected members rejected a compromise because they considered it `business as usual'--------VT1. समझौता\compromiseकरनाNobody will get everything he wants; we all must compromise. -
7 lately
adv недавно, последнее время Русскому недавно соответствуют в английском языке наречия lately, recently и newly. Lately обозначает событие, которое началось незадолго до момента речи и обычно продолжается до этого момента или включает этот момент. Значение lately синонимично сочетаниям for/in the last/past few weeks (months, days):A lot has happened in the last few weeks/lately — Многое произошло за последние несколько недель.
Have you done any painting lately? — Вы что-нибудь написали в последнее время?
I don't know what has come over her lately — she is so gloomy — Не знаю, что с ней последнее время происходит — так она мрачна.
I have been trying to get in touch with you lately (for the past few days) — Последнее время я пытаюсь с вами связаться.
Lately, как правило, стоит после смыслового глагола или в конце предложения:I haven't seen him lately.
Recently может стоять в начале предложения или в середине предложения перед основным глаголом:I've recently reread the book.
Recently a performance of this drama was renewed.
Recently и newly относят уже завершенное событие к недавнему прошлому, но не включают момента речи и синонимичны словосочетаниям a short time ago, not long ago, a little while ago (back). При этом recently имеет более широкую сочетаемость и определяют глаголы и причастия прошедшего времени.It was only recently (a short time ago, not long ago) that he got a police warning about dangerous driving — Совсем недавно полиция его предупредила о нарушении правил езды.
Newly обычно употребляется только атрибутивно с причастиями прошедшего времени:newly painted fence — свежевыкрашенный забор;
newly elected members — недавно избранные члены;
newly made — только что сделанный;
newly born — новорожденный.
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8 lately
['leɪtlɪ]advнедавно, последнее времяI've seen (not seen) him lately. — Я недавно (давно не) видел его.
I have not been feeling very well lately. — Я последнее время не очень хорошо себя чувствую.
USAGE:Русскому недавно соответствуют в английском языке наречия lately, recently и newly. Lately обозначает событие, которое началось незадолго до момента речи и обычно продолжается до этого момента или включает этот момент. Значение lately синонимично сочетаниям for/in the last/past few weeks (months, days): a lot has happened in the last few weeks /lately многое произошло за последние несколько недель; have you done any painting lately? вы что-нибудь нарисовали в последнее время?; I don't know what has come over her lately - she is so gloomy не знаю, что с ней последнее время происходит - она так мрачна; I have been trying to get in touch with you lately (for the past few days) я пытаюсь с вами связаться все последнее время. Lately, как правило, стоит после смыслового глагола, или в конце предложения: I haven't seen him lately. Recently может стоять в начале предложения или в середине предложения перед основным глаголом: I've recently reread the book. Я недавно перечитал эту книгу. Recently tte performance of this drama was renewed. Постановка этой пьесы была недавно обновлена. Recently и newly относят уже завершенное событие к недавнему прошлому, но не включают момента речи и синонимичны словосочетаниям a short time ago, not long ago, a little while ago (back). При этом recently имеет более широкую сочетаемость и определяет глаголы и причастия прошедшего времени: it was only recently (a short time ago, not long ago) that he got a police warning about dangerous driving совсем недавно полиция его предупредила о нарушении правил езды. Newly обычно употребляется только атрибутивно с причастиями прошедшего времени: newly painted fence свежевыкрашенный забор; newly elected members недавно избранные члены; newly made только что сделанный; newly born новорожденный -
9 neu
neu I adj 1. COMP, KOMM, BANK new, (infrml) hot; 2. V&M, RECHT new fresh (frisch); 3. GEN new, N • ein neues Image schaffen für V&M re-image • ein neues Modell auf den Markt bringen V&M launch a new model • eine neue Leitung haben MGT be under new management • in neuer Eigentümerschaft GEN under new ownership • neue Aufträge sichern GEN secure new orders • unter neuer Leitung WIWI under new ownership, under new management neu II adv newly • neu abfassen ADMIN rewrite • neu anzeigen COMP refresh (Bildschirm) • neu auferlegen GEN reimpose • neu aufzwingen GEN reimpose • neu aushandeln GEN renegotiate • neu bedenken GEN reconsider • neu berechnen STAT recalculate • neu betonen GEN re-emphasize • neu bewerten RW, WIWI revalue • neu booten COMP reboot • neu eingeben COMP retype • neu eröffnet MGT under new management • neu fassen GEN rewrite • neu festsetzen POL, WIWI realign (Wechselkurse) • neu gestalten GEN reform • neu gewählt GEN newly elected • neu gewinnen UMWELT reclaim (Boden, Land) • neu kalkulieren FIN recast (Schuld) • neu laden COMP reload • neu schreiben COMP rewrite (Software) • neu starten COMP restart (System, Hardware) • neu urladen COMP reboot • neu veröffentlichen MEDIA republish • neu verteilen RW reallocate* * *adj 1. <Comp, Komm, Bank> new, hot infrml ; 2. <V&M, Recht> new frisch fresh; 3. < Geschäft> new (N) ■ ein neues Image schaffen für <V&M> re-image ■ ein neues Modell auf den Markt bringen <V&M> launch a new model ■ eine neue Leitung haben < Mgmnt> be under new management ■ einen neuen Höchstwert festsetzen <Vw> set a new high ■ in neuer Eigentümerschaft < Geschäft> under new ownership ■ neue Aufträge sichern < Geschäft> secure new orders ■ unter neuer Leitung <Vw> under new ownership, under new managementadv newly ■ neu abfassen < Verwalt> rewrite ■ neu anzeigen < Comp> Bildschirm refresh ■ neu auferlegen < Geschäft> reimpose ■ neu aufzwingen < Geschäft> reimpose ■ neu aushandeln < Geschäft> renegotiate ■ neu bedenken < Geschäft> reconsider ■ neu berechnen < Math> recalculate ■ neu betonen < Geschäft> re-emphasize ■ neu bewerten <Rechnung, Vw> revalue ■ neu booten jarg < Comp> reboot ■ neu eingeben < Comp> retype ■ neu eröffnet < Mgmnt> under new management ■ neu fassen < Geschäft> rewrite ■ neu festsetzen <Pol, Vw> Wechselkurse realign ■ neu gestalten < Geschäft> reform ■ neu gewählt < Geschäft> newly elected ■ neu gewinnen < Umwelt> Boden, Land reclaim ■ neu kalkulieren < Finanz> Schuld recast ■ neu laden < Comp> reload ■ neu schreiben < Comp> Software rewrite ■ neu starten < Comp> System, Hardware restart ■ neu urladen < Comp> reboot ■ neu veröffentlichen < Medien> republish ■ neu verteilen < Rechnung> reallocate* * *neu
new, fresh, (modern) modern, (neuartig) original, newfangled, (Patentrecht) novel;
• ganz neu brand new;
• wie neu in new condition;
• neu für alt (Versicherungswesen) new for old;
• neu aufgelegt reprinted;
• neu ausgegeben hot;
• neu errichtet new-built;
• neu erschienen recently published;
• neu gegründet start-up;
• neu anordnen to rearrange, to reorganize;
• neu anschaffen to replace;
• neu ausstatten (ausrüsten) to re-equip, to retool;
• Buch neu bearbeiten to revise a book;
• neu bestellen to reorder, to repeat an article;
• neu bewerten to reappraise, (aufwerten) to revalorize;
• Effekten neu bewerten to mark down (up) securities;
• Erzeugnis neu auf den Markt bringen to introduce a new product on the market;
• neu finanzieren to recapitalize;
• neu gruppieren to regroup, to reshuffle (US);
• neu investieren to reinvest;
• neu veranlagen to reassess;
• neu verteilen to re-allocate, to redistribute;
• neuer Absatz fresh paragraph;
• neue Aktien junior stocks (US);
• neue Aufträge reorders, repeat orders;
• ganz neue Banknoten brandnew banknotes;
• neu erschienene Bücher new publications;
• neueren Datums of recent date;
• neue Firmengründungen new entrants;
• neues Kapital fresh (additional) capital;
• neue Mitglieder werben to recruit new members;
• neuer Programmstart (Computer) cold start;
• neue Mode new fashion;
• neuer Saldo new balance;
• neue Zufuhren fresh supplies.
bearbeitet, neu
revised. -
10 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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11 parliament
n1) парламент2) срок, на который избран парламент•to be marginalized in parliament — играть второстепенную роль в парламенте ( о мелкой политической партии)
to converge on parliament — собираться / сходиться у здания парламента
to push through parliament a package of tax reforms — проталкивать через парламент пакет реформ налогообложения
- bicameral parliamentto recall parliament — созывать парламент, находящийся на каникулах
- common parliament
- composition of parliament
- convocation of parliament
- dissolution of parliament
- during parliament
- European Parliament
- federal parliament
- full-time parliament
- hung parliament
- in this parliament
- local parliament
- meeting of parliament
- national parliament
- newly elected parliament
- parliament in exile
- parliament is in recess
- parliament meets
- parliament reassembles
- parliament that is returned after the elections
- parliament voted to dissolve itself
- permanently functioning parliament
- privilege of parliament
- regular session of parliament
- rubberstamp parliament
- state opening of parliament
- suspension of parliament
- the biggest single group in parliament
- tricameral parliament
- two-chamber parliament
- unicameral parliament -
12 académie
académie [akademi]feminine nouna. ( = société savante) learned societyb. ( = école) academyc. ( = circonscription) regional education authority━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━For educational administration purposes, France is divided into areas known as académies, each administered by a « recteur d'académie ». Allocation of teaching posts is centralized, so that newly qualified teachers often begin their careers in académies other than the one in which they originally lived.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, this prestigious learned society has forty elected life members, commonly known as « les Immortels ». They meet in a building on the quai Conti in Paris. The building's ornate dome has given rise to the expression « être reçu sous la coupole », meaning to be admitted as a member of the Académie française. The Académie arbitrates on correct usage.* * *akademi1) ( école) schoolacadémie de peinture or de dessin — art academy
2) École, Université ≈ local education authority GB, school district US* * *akademi nf1) (= société) learned society2) (= école) [art, danse] academy3) ART (= nu) nude4) ÉDUCATION (= circonscription) regional education authority* * *académie nf1 ( école) (de billard, danse) school; ( de police) academy; académie de peinture or de dessin art academy;4 ( groupe de personnes) society.[akademi] nom fémininl'Académie française the French Academy, the Académie Française (learned society of leading men and women of letters)2. [école] academyacadémie de danse/musique academy of dance/music3. [salle]Originally a group of men of letters who were encouraged by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635 to become an official body. L'académie française consists of forty distinguished writers known as les Quarante or les Immortels. Its chief task is to produce a definitive dictionary and to be the ultimate authority in matters concerning the French language.
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